Adenosine Deaminase in Tissues from Vertebrates and Invertebrates in Relation to the Control of the Concentration and the Physiological Role of Adenosine

1. The maximal activities of 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase together with the Km values for their respective substrates were measured in muscle, nervous tissue and liver from a large range of animals to provide information on the mechanism of control of adenosine concentration in the tissues. 2. Detailed evidence that the methods used were optimal for the extraction and assay of these enzymes has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50088 (16pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K.,from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1978), 169, 5. This evidence includes the effects of pH and temperature on the activities of the enzymes. 3. In many tissues, the activities of 5'-nucleotidase were considerably higher than the sum of the activities of adenosine kinase and deaminase, which suggests that the activity of the nucleotidase must be markedly inhibitedin vivo so that adenosine does not accumulate. In the tissues in which comparison is possible, the Km of the nucleotidase is higher than the AMP content of the tissue, and, since some of the latter may be bound within the cell, the low concentration of substrate may, in part, be responsible for a low activity in vivo. 4. In most tissues and animals investigated, the values of the Km of adenosine kinase for adenosine are between one and two orders of magnitude lower than those for the deaminase. It is suggested that 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine kinase are simultaneously active so that a substrate cycle between AMP and adenosine is produced: the difference in Km values between kinase and deaminase indicates that, via the cycle, small changes in activity of kinase or nucleotidase produce large changes in adenosine concentration. 5. The activities of adenosine kinase or deaminase fromn vertebrate muscles are inversely correlated with the activities of phosphorylase in these muscles. Since the magnitude of the latter activities are indicative of the anaerobic nature of muscles, this negative correlation supports the hypothesis that an important role of adenosine is the regulation of blood flow in the aerobic muscles.